Ophelias Descent to Madness in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay

People have mostly seen women inferior to men because women have been thought of as simple-minded and could not take care of themselves. Shakespeare’s Hamlet shows how men treated and thought of women during the 1500s. There was an order most did not interfere with; however, some did. In the 1500s, women were supposed to conform to men’s wishes. Throughout the play, Ophelia first obeyed her father and brother’s wishes, ignored the social norms later, and then went mad, which caused her to never gain her own identity. To stay in control, the men in Hamlet taught Ophelia to fear her every day, natural thoughts causing her not to think for herself. Gabrielle Danes article, Reading Ophelias Madness, discusses Polonius and Laertes†¦show more content†¦In Hamlet, Polonius says, Read on this book, that show of such an exercise may colour your loneliness (3.1.46-49). Polonius instructs Ophelia to read the book so Hamlet would approach her, and Polonius and Claud ius could find out why Hamlet went mad. Conclusion. In the beginning of the play, Ophelia was like any other obedient young woman during the time. In Understanding Hamlet, Richard Corum shows that Ophelia is obedient. He writes, Though Hamlet has been courting her, Ophelia willingly obeys her father when he tells her to discourage the princes advances (Corum 26). Ophelia obeys her fathers demands because it was expected during that time of women to comply with mens wishes. In Hamlet, Ophelia disregards her own feelings towards Hamlet. Ophelia does as she is told: POL. This is for all: I would not, in plain terms, from this time forth, have you slander any moment leisure, as to give words or talk with the Lord Hamlet. Look tot, I charge you. Come your ways. OPH. I shall obey, my lord (1.3.131-36) Even though Ophelia has a fondness for Hamlet, she listens to her father when he tells her to leave Hamlet alone. Conclusion. Because of all the men in her life using her, Ophelia soon becomes confused. Dane tells about Ophelias descent to growing confused in Reading Ophelias Madness. She states, Male voices fill her head, guiding her very thoughts [...] she grows more and more confused, more sundered from any sense ofShow MoreRelatedMental Illness in Shakespeares Works1371 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Shakespeare’s many works, mental illnesses have played an undeniable part in many of them, especially his tragedies. From Lady Macbeth hallucination of a bloody spot leading to her suicide, to Hamlet’s faked illness and Ophelia’s very real illness, afflictions of the mind are featured prominently in the Bard of Avalon’s many works. Still, in the Elizabethan era, understanding of mental illness was rudimentary at best, as were the methods of treating it. During the Middle Ages and ElizabethanRead More Essay on Ophelia - The Innocent Victim in Shakespeares Hamlet830 Words   |  4 PagesOphelia - The Innocent Victim in Shakespeares Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚   Poor Ophelia, she lost her lover, her father, her mind, and, posthumously, her brother. Ophelia is the only truly innocent victim in Hamlet. This essay will examine Ophelias downward spiral from a chaste maiden to nervous wreck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the beginning of the play, in Act I Scene iii, Laertes and Polonius are trying to convince her that Hamlet does not love her and only is interested in her so he can sleep with her. LaertesRead MoreShakespeares Presentation of Ophelia Essay1786 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeares Presentation of Ophelia As one of only two women in the play, it is perhaps surprising that Ophelias character is presented as being so very unsubstantial and passive. In particular, Ophelia fails to express any points of view and her only clear emotions are fear (after Hamlets reported visit to her) and regret (at Hamlets rejection of her). Furthermore, she never demands any freedom, nor questions Polonius curt and misplaced Read MoreOphelias Suicide Essay2487 Words   |  10 Pagesgeneral public, the character of Ophelia in â€Å"Hamlet, Prince of Denmark† offers the reader a tantalizing mystery - did Ophelia truly commit suicide? 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This paper will answer many questions concerning Claudius’ partner on the Danish throne.    In her essay, â€Å"Acts III and IV: Problems of Text and Staging,† Ruth Nevo explains how the hero’s negative outlook toward Gertrude influences his attitude toward Ophelia:    Whereas it is precisely his total inability to know her [Ophelia]

Harper Lee Essay - 896 Words

Williams 1 Harper Lee: Times and Life Research Paper Harper Lee’s Life Story Have you ever wondered who wrote â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† or who is the author that wrote it? Well I’m here telling you who that author is. The author who made the book is named Nelle Harper Lee but she is just called Harper Lee on the book. This paper is on Harper Lee’s life and times during the 1900’s. She is known from her best-selling book, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†. Even though the book may have some harsh descriptions about the time during which†¦show more content†¦She basically protected him because he would be teased at school from other boys. Years later when Harper Lee was in high school, she grew an interest in English literature. She then graduated college and went to an all-female college, Huntingdon College in Montgomery. Harper Lee didn’t follow the other girls and stuck to her studies and writing. She eventually went into studying law but realized that writing was her calling. Sh e then went to Oxford University as an exchange student to study writing and came back the following year to law but dropped out of it in the first semester and went to New York City. While there, she was reunited with Truman Capote and befriended Michael Martin Brown and his wife. The Browns gave Harper Lee and amazing Christmas gift of supporting her for her writings and getting her an agent to get started. He got the publishing firm interested in her first novel first called â€Å"Go Set a Watchman†, and then the title changed to â€Å"Atticus† and then finally â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†. She then finished her manuscript in 1959. â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† won many awards including the Pulitzer Award. After her success in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, she was working on a second novel but it was never published. She then helped Truman Capote on his novel â€Å"In Cold Blood† and when finished, a rift formed between Harper Lee and Trum an Capote. Harper Lee was hurt by his betrayal but remained his friend until heShow MoreRelatedThe Innocent By Harper Lee1585 Words   |  7 Pagespeople have been wrongfully shot by the police. These people show modern example of the motif of mockingbirds in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird. The book takes place in rural Alabama during the Great Depression, a time when lynching black men for false crimes was common. One of these men, Tom Robinson, is accused of rape by Mayella Ewell and is to be defended by Atticus Finch in trial. Lee expresses how it is wrong to harm those who did nothing to bother others, or ‘mockingbirds’, using the charactersRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. 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The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesMockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDai sy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1330 Words   |  6 Pagestheir innocents; in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Nelle Harper Lee, losing one’s innocents is just a pocket-sized trouble he or she has to worry about in Maycomb, Alabama. For Jean Louise, â€Å"Scout†, and Jeremy, â€Å"Jem†, Finch, growing up in the times of great economic depression and towering racial tension, losing innocents is a sure thing. Which is what sparks this page-turning, coming-off-age, classic; like all great literature of this ca liber. Lee delves into a fundamental storyline nourished with interlockingRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee830 Words   |  4 PagesCourage in To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, is the story of two children coming of age and learning about their hometown and the whole world. The two children in the story are Jem and Scout Finch. Jem and Scout live with their father, Atticus, in Maycomb County. Throughout the story, many problems arise which teach both children about bravery. 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The author, Harper Lee, has recently released a sequel to the original novel titled Go Set a Watchman. It discusses the problems that an adult Jean Louise (the narrator of the first book) faces when she returns to her hometown, and how she copes with the changes. OneRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1306 Words   |  6 PagesThe book â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† written by Harper Lee was set in the 1930s in a fictional town called Maycomb County. Courage within that specific time period and town was seen as strength in the face of fear; whilst the way that Harper Lee has tried to convey courage throughout her book is as the act of doing something to benefit a specific person or a whole group of people, no matter what odds are against you, how uncomfortable you may find the task, and how dim the chances of succeeding areRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee989 Words   |  4 Pagesexemplifies how much sympathy, compassion and intelligence we possess. Scout, the protagonist of Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, lived in Maycomb County, Alabama as a child. Maycomb’s predominantly Caucasian populace always trusted the words of the trashiest white man above the words of the kindest black man. Scout bluntly states to her older brother, Jem, that, â€Å"I think there’s just one kind of folks. Folks† (Lee 304). She believes that whether they are black or white, rich or poor, people are all people

Enabling Cognitive Management Framework †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Enabling Cognitive Management Framework. Answer: Introduction Internet of Things is considered to be a fast growing network that comprises of connected devices and objects. These objects have the capability of collecting as well as exchanging information by utilizing embedded sensors (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). Cars, lights, thermostats, refrigerators and other electrical appliances can be connected to the Internet of Things. IoT can create smart home and smart cities as well. In this era of information and communication technology, IoT is becoming an integral part of the society. Smart home can be considered to be the most popular application of IoT. There are several products available in the market like Nest Thermostat and Amazon Echo that can be controlled by the voice of the users and make the lives of the users extremely easy. There are several characteristics of Internet of Things like interconnectivity, heterogeneity and dynamic changes (Atzori, Iera Morabito, 2014). Numerous areas in the lives of the people are getting transformed due t o the Internet of Things. It has a great impact on the education system in the schools and universities. IoT has numerous applications in the field of education. This report discusses about the concept of IoT in details. It gives a clear overview about the characteristics of IoT along with its examples and applications. This report focuses on the impact of Internet of Things on the environment of universities. It discusses with proper logic how the IoT will change the settings of the universities. This report also discusses about the advantages and disadvantages of IoT. It gives a brief overview of the impact of IoT on the society. A member if RFID development community had coined the term Internet of Things in the year 1999. Recently this term has gained relevance due to the emergence and growth of cloud computing, data analytics, ubiquitous and embedded communication as well as mobile devices (Barnaghi et al., 2012). The world of Internet of Things or IoT consists of several devices that are connected to private or public IP or Internet Protocol networks. These devices have the capability to collect, analyze and use data for initiating actions and providing intelligence for the purpose of managing, planning and making decisions. IoT is considered to be a network that contains physical objects. Internet is not limited to computer networks. It is also network of other devices like cameras, toys, vehicles, health instruments and home appliances. Internet of Things or IoT is not based on a single technology (Da Xu, He Li, 2014). It is a combination of various software and hardware technologies. It is the integra tion of IT for the purpose of storing, retrieving and processing data. It also includes communication technologies that consist of electronic systems for the purpose of facilitating communication among individuals as well as groups (Chandrakanth et al., 2014). The heterogeneous combination of communication technology needs adaptation for the purpose of addressing IoT application needs like speed, energy efficiency, security as well as reliability. Ethernet, ZigBee, Bluetooth, GPRS and GSM are the key technologies for IoT. There are three categories of Internet of Things: people to people, things or machines to other things or machines and people to things or machines. IoT is a paradigm or concept that considers ubiquitous presence in an environment that consists of various things through wired and wireless connections (Cui, 2016). IoT has the ability to create a world where real, virtual and digital worlds converge in order to create and develop smart environments that has the capability to make transport, cities, energy and other areas intelligent. Everyday objects and devices that is recognizable, readable, addressable and locatable through sensing devices that can be controlled via Internet irrespective of the means of communication whether vi wireless LAN, RFID, wide area network or some other means (Feki et al., 2013). Everyday objects not only include electronic devices but also things like clothes, chair, tree and many more. IoT can be considered to be a recent revolution of Internet. Objects a nd devices make themselves intelligence and recognizable by the process of communication. The main objective of Internet of Things or IoT is to allow things to get connected at any time and from any place. IoT provides a global infrastructure that enables the information society to make use of advanced services by interconnecting things. Sensor networks, WSN, Wi-Fi, microcontroller, GPS, microprocessor, GSM, RFID, GPRS, 2G, 3G and 4G technologies are responsible for making IoT applications possible (Gubbi et al., 2013). These enabling technologies for IoT can be divided into categories like: technologies that are used for improving the privacy and security, technologies that helps the devices to acquire information that is contextual in nature and technologies that helps the devices to process such contextual information. The last two categories are used for the purpose of developing and injecting intelligence into the devices (Khan et al., 2012). They are the building blocks. These characteristics differentiate IoT from Internet. The first category of technologies is not a functional requirement and this helps in increased penetration of IoT. Task automation and better monitoring: IoT enables the people to automate the daily tasks and control it without any human intervention. It maintains transparency in the various processes of the machine to machine communication (Lee et al., 2013). The tasks are done in a uniform manner. The service quality is maintained and raised as well. Necessary actions can be taken in emergency situations. Efficiency: It is easy to obtain accurate results as the efficiency in case of machine to machine communication and interaction is more (Miorandi et al., 2012). Valuable time can be saved. People get the opportunity to do something creative rather than repeating the same task on a daily basis. Cost effective: Internet of Things enables the people to utilize resources and energy optimally (Rifkin, 2014). It has the capability to alert the people when there is any damage or breakdown of the system (Patel et al., 2016). This helps the people to save money. It is feasible for the people to use these kinds of technologies. Quality of life: Internet of Things will increase the convenience and comfort of the people. It helps in the better management of the daily activities of the people. There are few cons of Internet of Things. Some of them are discussed below. Security and privacy: All the devices starting from home appliances to transport and water supply services, everything is connected to Internet (Perera et al., 2014). These devices have information stored in it. Hackers can attack these devices and gain unauthorized access to the sensitive information. It can cause disaster if the confidential data is lost and misused by the external intruders. Consider a situation when a health device gets hacked by an attacker. In this case the hacker will be able to change the settings of the device and harm the patient. Compatibility: Different devices of various manufacturers need to be connected that leads to compatibility issues. If all manufacturers follow a common standard then this problem can be resolved. Even Bluetooth enabled devices have these problems. Android phones cannot be connected via Bluetooth with any iPhone. Issues related to compatibility may promote monopoly in the market where the users will buy devices from a single manufacturer. Complexity: IoT is a complex as well as diverse network. If there are any bugs or failure in the hardware or software then it will lead to serious issues. Inconvenience can also be caused by power failure. Lesser employment: Unskilled workers might lose their jobs if the daily activities get automated. The rate of unemployment might rise in the society. This problem can be resolved by proper education of the society. Control: Technology plays a significant role in the lives of the people. It is said to control the lives of the people. People are getting dependent on technology and the younger generation is getting addicted to it. People are losing control over their own lives. Characteristics of IoT with Examples Interconnectivity: Internet of Things has the capability to get connected to the infrastructure of information and communication technology. There are various kinds of connectivity like PAN, WAN, LAN and NAN. The devices mainly use the WAN, LAN and PAN for interconnecting with each other. Home devices can use LAN to get connected to the Internet (Singh, Tripathi Jara, 2014)). 4G and 3G connections can be used for communication with other devices. Smartphone can get connected to other smartphones by enabling the Bluetooth option in the devices. This interconnection allows the devices to exchange information and data among each other. Heterogeneity: The IoT devices are heterogeneous in nature as they belong to different manufacturers. They have different networks and hardware platforms. They have the capability to interact with other service platforms and other devices via different networks (Stankovic, 2014). For example, LAN connects Microsoft Windows as well as Linux computers with the Apple computers. A wireless network that uses various access technologies is another example of a heterogeneous network. A wireless network can provide service through wireless LAN and can maintain services while switching to cellular networks. This is called wireless heterogeneous networks. Connect living and inanimate things: The trials of IoT started with connecting the industrial devices. Today the concept has widened and it deals with connecting everything including everyday devices and objects. The objects can be gas turbines and even automobiles. It can also be living things like people, farm animals and plants (Vermesan Friess, 2013).The cow tracking project held in Essex will be able to use the collected data from radio tags for monitoring the behavior and illness of the cows. Health devices and wearable computing devices such as Fuel band and Fitbit are best examples that show how people are getting connected to the landscape of Internet of Things. Sensors: The devices in the IoT landscape will contain sensors. These sensors will play a major role in monitoring the locations, vibrations, motions as well as temperature. These sensors will be able to connect to one another and to the systems that can interpret the information that is present in the data feeds of the sensors. These sensors will play a significant role in providing new information to the company and people (Vlacheas et al., 2013). Nest is a smart thermostat that is connected to Internet. It has sensors in it that adjusts temperature depending on whether the user is at home, asleep, awake, cold or hot in order to make the house efficient and save cooling and heating bills. This also allows alerting the user when something is wrong with the cooling or heating systems. Then there are smart plugs that has the ability to monitor the energy consumed by the devices in order to make the house completely energy efficient. Dynamic changes: The devices that are present in the landscape of IoT have the ability to change dynamically. The best example for this is the Philips Hue system of lighting. These are smart bulbs that have the capability to change colors based on the users choice. It can match the in photos that are uploaded via this app. Smartphones can be used for the purpose of turning the bulb on and off (Whitmore, Agarwal Da Xu, 2015). The users can synchronize the hue bulbs with music systems for a perfect light and sound party. The system of smart locks enables the users to unlock the doors without any keys. Friends and relatives can use this system to enter the house. But the users can disable the system when they do not want a particular person to enter their homes. Safety: There are several benefits of IoT. But at the same time there are certain safety issues as well. The devices of IoT are connected to the Internet and are susceptible to several threats and risks (Yang, 2014). The information that is present in the devices can get misused and lost by the unauthorized users. Strong security features and policies must be incorporated for the purpose of protecting the devices from any external intrusion. The networks, endpoints and the moving data can be protected by strong security policies and procedures. If the healthcare devices are hacked then the patient data will be lost and it will affect the health of the patient. The attackers can also change the settings of the devices. This will help affect the patients. Impact of IoT on University Environment Research studies have shown that there will be more than 285% increase in the number of IoT devices from 2015 to 2020. There will be strong developments of IoT in various segments of the society. The IoT devices can also be used for the purpose of developing a smart university. A smart environment is something where there are networked devices and sensor enabled devices that are used for the purpose of making the lives of the people comfortable. In present, all the universities are being connected to the Internet. Universities can connect other objects like doors, windows and benches to the Internet (Wortmann Flchter, 2015). These objects can be attached with sensors for converting it into smart objects. Smart objects will enable a classical university to become a smart university. All the teacher and students have smartphones and other devices that are connected to the Internet. IoT can facilitate the students and teachers to locate a specific place inside the campus. Management faces difficulty to track the activities over an entire campus (Xia et al., 2012). IoT will help the management team to look after this process. IoT will help in the effective management of time. Smart universities will have several advantages like: It gives the ability to monitor the flow of people who have the possibility of closing or opening pathways to the hotspots on the campus and even lighting halls and corridors. It enables the people to find a particular spot in the campus like classrooms, dining halls and library. It prevents the chance of disasters and accidents by constantly monitoring noise, humidity, temperature, light and smoke in the various halls of the university. Several statistical analysis can be implemented for the purpose of taking measures for increasing the education quality by improving the safety and environmental conditions. It helps in reducing the consumption of electricity by proper monitoring of the lights and other electrical devices in the institute. Inventory of equipments and technologies can be easily achieved by a smart university. It creates a social environment in the university where every member gets to interact of each other. Data that is accumulated by others can be used for achieving several useful applications. There are various kinds of sensors that can be implemented or used in smart universities. EN sensors can be used for the purpose of monitoring temperature, humidity, light and noise. SC sensors can be used for detecting motion (Zanella et al., 2014). SF sensors can be used for the purpose of detecting gas, smoke and fire. UT sensors can detect electrical voltage and NFC tags. IN sensors can detect barcode, RFID card and QR tags. The universities can also develop the following: Smart parking: This will help the university to monitor its parking. It can help the staffs to find out vacancies. Smart lighting: The classroom lights can be adjusted and this will help to reduce the consumption of electricity. Smart tracking: RFID technology can be used for monitoring students present inside the campus. Smart inventory: All the equipments and devices can have a barcode that will help to maintain inventory. The barcodes will help to find out the specifications of the devices. The number of smart objects are increasing at a fast pace. It is giving new opportunities to the users (Jones Mack, 2012). Universities cannot stand outside the modern world. Universities can also become smart by using IoT devices. It will develop an efficient university environment. Conclusion This report concluded that Internet of Things are gaining importance with time and it can be used for creating a smart university that will help universities to operate in an efficient and effective manners. This report explained the concepts of IoT in details along with its characteristics. Internet of Things are devices that are connected to the Internet. These devices can be used for automating the daily activities of the people. These devices have the capability to exchange and collect data with the help of sensors. Things like lights, cars, refrigerators, thermostats as well as electrical devices can be installed with sensors. This report showed how IoT is gaining importance and becoming an integral part of the community. IoT has the capability to create smart homes and cities. Amazon Echo is one such example of IoT that has the capability to recognize the users voice and help the users to lead a simple life. This report said that IoT has the capability to automate the daily act ivities of the people. People can utilize their time in important activities. IoT provides a cost effective solution to the people. This report also pointed out certain cons of IoT. Security is the major concern of IoT. The devices that are connected to the internet can get hacked. This can harm the people in a severe manner. Other issues include system bug and failure. This report also discussed about five main characteristics of IoT. Some of the characteristics are heterogeneity and interconnectivity. The devices mostly make the use of WAN and LAN for getting internet connection. These devices have the capability to monitor locations, temperature, vibrations as well as motions. This report also showed the benefits that universities will get by adopting IoT. Smart universities can be created by adopting IoT. IoT will enable the teachers and students to find specific location within the university campus. This report said that universities will be able to gain various advantages lik e reduction of electricity and effective inventory management. Universities can develop smart lighting, tracking and parking within the campus. References Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(4), 2347-2376. Atzori, L., Iera, A., Morabito, G. (2014). From" smart objects" to" social objects": The next evolutionary step of the internet of things.IEEE Communications Magazine,52(1), 97-105. Barnaghi, P., Wang, W., Henson, C., Taylor, K. (2012). 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Science Is A Source That Continues To Radically Improve The State Of M

Science is a source that continues to radically improve the state of mankind. It has allowed for advances in production, transportation, and even entertainment, but never in history will science be able to so deeply affect our lives, as genetic engineering will certainly do. Genetic engineering is a safe and powerful tool that will bring forth amazing results, specifically in the field of medicine. It will bring in a world where gene defects, bacterial disease, and even aging are a thing of the past. The new science of genetic engineering aims to take a dramatic short cut in the slow process of evolution (Stableford 25). In essence, scientists aim to remove one gene from an organism's DNA, and place it into the DNA of another organism. This would create a new DNA strand, full of new encoded instructions; a strand that would have taken Mother Nature millions of years of natural selection to develop. The possibilities of genetic engineering are endless. Once the power to control the instructions, given to a single cell, are mastered anything can be accomplished. For example, insulin can be created and grown in large quantities by using an inexpensive gene manipulation method of growing a certain bacteria. This supply of insulin is also not dependant on the supply of pancreatic tissue from animals. Recombinant factor VIII, the blood clotting agent missing in people suffering from hemophilia, can also be created by genetic engineering. Virtually all people who were treated with factor VIII before 1985 acquired HIV, and later AIDS. Being completely pure, the bioengineered version of factor VIII eliminates any possibility of viral infection. Other uses of genetic engineering include creating disease resistant crops, formulating milk from cows already containing pharmaceutical compounds, generating vaccines, and altering livestock traits (Clarke 1). In the not so distant future, genetic engineering will become a principal player in fighting genetic, bacterial, and viral disease, along with controlling aging, and providing replaceable parts for humans. Medicine has seen many new innovations in its history. The discovery of anesthetics permitted the birth of modern surgery, while the production of antibiotics in the 1920s minimized the threat from diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis and cholera. The creation of serums which build up the bodies immune system to specific infections, before being laid low with them, has also enhanced modern medicine greatly (Stableford 59). All of these discoveries however, will fall under the broad shadow of genetic engineering when it reaches its peak in the medical community. Many people suffer from genetic diseases ranging from thousands of types of cancers, to blood, liver, and lung disorders. Amazingly, all of these will be able to be treated by Genetic engineering, specifically, gene therapy. The basis of gene therapy is to supply a functional gene to cells lacking that particular function, thus correcting the genetic disorder or disease. There are two main categories of gene therapy: germ line therapy, or altering of sperm and egg cells, and somatic cell therapy, which is much like an organ transplant. Germ line therapy results in a permanent change for the entire organism, and its future offspring. Germ line therapy is not readily in use on humans for ethical reasons. However, this genetic method could, in the future, solve many genetic birth defects such as downs syndrome. Somatic cell therapy deals with the direct treatment of living tissues. Scientists, in a lab, inject the tissues with the correct, functioning gene and then re-administer them to the patient, correcting the problem (Clarke 1). Along with altering the cells of living tissues, genetic engineering has also proven extremely helpful in the alteration of bacterial genes. Transforming bacterial cells is easier than transforming the cells of complex organisms (Stableford 34). Two reasons are evident for this manipulation: DNA enters, and functions easily in bacteria, and the transformed bacteria cells can be easily selected out from the untransformed ones. Bacterial bioengineering has many uses in our society, it can produce synthetic insulins, a growth hormone for the treatment of dwarfism and interferons for treatment of cancers and viral diseases (Stableford 34). Throughout the centuries disease has plagued the world, forcing everyone to take part in a virtual lottery with the agents of death (Stableford 59). Whether viral or bacterial in