Fashion designer Cristobal Balenciaga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fashion designer Cristobal Balenciaga - Essay Example The essay "Fashion designer Cristobal Balenciaga" discusses the live and work of this talented designer majoring mostly in part of his successful designing career. His history began in sort of a legend when it became very apparent that this young man by then was destined to for Couture. When he was thirteen years old, Cristobal astounded the Marquise of CASA TORRES with remarkable comments on her elegance. Upon spotting his intriguing interest in Couture as well as his aesthetic potential, she permitted Cristobal to design a copy of the Haute Couture she was wearing at that moment. Driven by trembles, Cristobal did his piece of work so elegantly that she awarded him by putting it on. A year later, Cristobal travelled to France where in daze devoured DRECOLL, WORHT, and DOUCET among others. When he returned at age sixteen, he opened his first fashion design workshop in San Sebastian where he started designing the Parisian Style for Spanish women. This facilitated his rise into his suc cessful journey of becoming one of the most respected fashion designers in the world. In 1915, San Sebastian witnessed opening of the first fashion designing shop under his BALENCIAGA name. He travelled to Madrid in 1920 where he opened his second fashion design workshop but had to leave the country when the Civil War broke out. He went ahead to establish himself in Paris where he grew to become the icon to beat in the fashion industry. The most tremendous transformation in his line of career was in 1937.

Organisational purposes and swot analysis Essay

Organisational purposes and swot analysis - Essay Example 3 Mission, Vision and objective of the company 3 SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats) analysis 4 Strategic recommendations 7 8 Conclusion 8 References 9 Introduction Established in 1945, Tata Motors is one of the leading vehicle manufacturers of India with consolidated revenue of $32.5 billion in the financial year 2011-2012. The company is a leader in passenger and commercial vehicles and is also the fourth largest bus and truck manufacturer in India. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and manufactures approximately 7.5 million vehicles annually (TATA Motors, 2013a). Mission, Vision and objective of the company The vision of the company is to develop the TATA Motors into a world class vehicle manufacturer which believes in manufacturing superior and innovative value vehicles. TATA believes that it can be a world class manufacturer by giving the cars a product appeal at a lower ownership cost (TATA Motors, 2013b). The mission and objectives of Tata Mot ors are stated below 1) To create shareholder’s value by generating revenue in excess or equal to WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) during the business downfall. 2) To strengthen the brand value of the company and build an everlasting relationship with the customers by working closely with the business partners. 3) It believes in creating an organization which believes in innovation, excellence and complying with the core values of the company. 4) The company believes in enhancing and developing a long lasting relationship with the vendors and channel partners of the company that would ultimately benefit the customers and stakeholders in the long run. 5) The company believes in promoting the economic growth and development by initiating environment protection and awareness measures (TATA Motors, 2013c). TATA Motors believes that a company can achieve efficiency only if it practices ethical and transparent policies and develops a congenial working atmosphere which believ es in excellence, integrity, passion for work, innovation, concern for the environment (TATA Motors, 2013g). SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats) analysis The results derived from the SWOT analysis helps in accomplishing the mission of the company by utilizing the opportunities and strength of the company, avoiding the threats and rectifying the weakness of the company (Griffin, 2011). Strength Research and Development: The company is the leader in the manufacturing of light commercial vehicles in each segment and among the top three in passenger vehicles in India. The company owes its credit to the exquisite research and development team. The engineering and research centre of the company was established in the year 1966 and is equipped with more than 4500 engineers and scientists (TATA Motors, 2013b). Currently, the research and development team of the company has emerged with a Hybrid series car named TATA Manza which was displayed at the Auto Expo exhibition in Del hi. The research and development team is also planning to manufacture fuel efficient buses, the program will be supported by the government of India. The company has spent 15.49 billion in research and development activities during in the year 2011 (TATA Motors, 2013d). Globalization: The company has acquired several foreign brands to increase its presence globally and has a strong presence in UK, South Korea, Thailand, Spain, South Africa and Argentina and further plans to set up its plant in Turkey, Eastern Europe and Indonesia (TATA Motors,

Crime fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime fiction - Essay Example Violence in the media is not confined only to fictional shows and does not serve only the purpose of shock value. Rather, as people face greater and greater exposure to the outside world at an earlier and earlier age and as they get more and more conditioned to learn through all five senses rather than just one, suddenly, being told about a murder isn’t enough. We need to see the murderer to be able to visualize it and have it feel real. If that fails to get the message through, we need to see the site of the crime and the people affected and the way it was done. It is less sadism as it is natural in us to want to grasp the full reality of something, and as the definition of that reality has changed over time, so have the depictions we are shown.News channels and television shows alike rely on graphic details to illustrate the full impact of a crime. Crime shows will often show gruesome depictions of these crimes through highly realistic make-up and body models, with these cri mes being described in highly intricate details. The problem however is that crime fiction isn’t classified as specifically for adults of a certain age and therefore these shows are shown in time slots where even children can have more or less unrestricted access to them. Violence on television isn’t as the same taboo as perhaps nudity or drug use might be, despite studies showing that it has negative effects just at par with them. Since property offences have no mass appeal, they are replaced by the more gory and exciting crimes of violence. Studies (Barker & Petley, 2001) have shown explained the popularity of crimes in these shows by the fact that it depicts life in a far more exciting light. Two men arguing are shown to resort to fist fights rather than drawing out legal orders through a long tedious process. Things happen faster and with exaggerated emotion and magnitude, exactly as we fantasize but never actually do. Television violence plays into these subconsci ous desires and fantasies and plays out for us in visual detail what fails to form into concrete thoughts in our minds.

Organisational purposes and swot analysis Essay

Organisational purposes and swot analysis - Essay Example 3 Mission, Vision and objective of the company 3 SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats) analysis 4 Strategic recommendations 7 8 Conclusion 8 References 9 Introduction Established in 1945, Tata Motors is one of the leading vehicle manufacturers of India with consolidated revenue of $32.5 billion in the financial year 2011-2012. The company is a leader in passenger and commercial vehicles and is also the fourth largest bus and truck manufacturer in India. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and manufactures approximately 7.5 million vehicles annually (TATA Motors, 2013a). Mission, Vision and objective of the company The vision of the company is to develop the TATA Motors into a world class vehicle manufacturer which believes in manufacturing superior and innovative value vehicles. TATA believes that it can be a world class manufacturer by giving the cars a product appeal at a lower ownership cost (TATA Motors, 2013b). The mission and objectives of Tata Mot ors are stated below 1) To create shareholder’s value by generating revenue in excess or equal to WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) during the business downfall. 2) To strengthen the brand value of the company and build an everlasting relationship with the customers by working closely with the business partners. 3) It believes in creating an organization which believes in innovation, excellence and complying with the core values of the company. 4) The company believes in enhancing and developing a long lasting relationship with the vendors and channel partners of the company that would ultimately benefit the customers and stakeholders in the long run. 5) The company believes in promoting the economic growth and development by initiating environment protection and awareness measures (TATA Motors, 2013c). TATA Motors believes that a company can achieve efficiency only if it practices ethical and transparent policies and develops a congenial working atmosphere which believ es in excellence, integrity, passion for work, innovation, concern for the environment (TATA Motors, 2013g). SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats) analysis The results derived from the SWOT analysis helps in accomplishing the mission of the company by utilizing the opportunities and strength of the company, avoiding the threats and rectifying the weakness of the company (Griffin, 2011). Strength Research and Development: The company is the leader in the manufacturing of light commercial vehicles in each segment and among the top three in passenger vehicles in India. The company owes its credit to the exquisite research and development team. The engineering and research centre of the company was established in the year 1966 and is equipped with more than 4500 engineers and scientists (TATA Motors, 2013b). Currently, the research and development team of the company has emerged with a Hybrid series car named TATA Manza which was displayed at the Auto Expo exhibition in Del hi. The research and development team is also planning to manufacture fuel efficient buses, the program will be supported by the government of India. The company has spent 15.49 billion in research and development activities during in the year 2011 (TATA Motors, 2013d). Globalization: The company has acquired several foreign brands to increase its presence globally and has a strong presence in UK, South Korea, Thailand, Spain, South Africa and Argentina and further plans to set up its plant in Turkey, Eastern Europe and Indonesia (TATA Motors,

PRACTISE PROPOSAL Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PRACTISE - Research Proposal Example 1. To explore the attitudes and perceptions of patients in healthcare settings toward the options and support that they receive want to increase their protein levels; and To establish recommendations for future research along with implications for practice with regards to the training and support that is provided for medical practitioners in healthcare settings (Marshall, 2007). Literature Review Socrates once said. â€Å"There is only one good, knowledge and one evil, ignorance.†This thought should assist us in all what we do, particularly where our health is concerned. Several individuals don’t have any idea of how to maintain good health. When sickness is experienced, Individuals rely on medical practitioners for cure. What they fail to realize is that the cure comes from within. Nature has offered with wonderful immune system, and all we require to do is to take proper care of this internal healing force (Marshall, 2007). Several health stores are stained with the i rony that few of their products are in reality healthy, from herbs of unknown utility and purity of dietary supplements capitalizing on current patterns in hair gain or weight loss. Several supplements are top sellers in the market. But a growing research body indicates that one doesn’t need protein supplementation unless you are an athlete having intense training or gravely ill as a result of starvation or any wasting disease which in this case will call for the need ( Marshall, 2007). The new studies emphasize the fact that the most compassionate thing about protein supplements is a waste of money. You reap little advantage and instead put yourself at risk for bone, kidney and heart disease. Medical researchers have warned against protein supplements for several years for the average individuals. But several sports trainers keep on pushing them on amateur athletes since they don't know any better (Creswell, 2003). Individuals need proteins when exercising, especially when t hey try to build muscles by weightlifting or through other forms of resistance training. The muscle building process involves muscle filament damages and rebuilding them, this calls for more protein (Marshall, 2007). A study published recently, in the journal Nutrition, reviewed more than one thousand adults at fifty ordinary commercial gyms and established that nearly ? of the men were using dietary supplements, largely protein powders, with no direction. None required protein, the researchers concluded (Roberts, Perryman & Rivers, 2009). Correspondingly, a smaller research study by a master's thesis by Martin Frechette from University of Montreal investigated the diets of elite athletes, in part of the Canadian Sport Centre Dietary Research Study. Above 90% of these athletes were using dietary supplements, on recommendation of friend or trainers; only 25% could clarify why they were using it; and of those utilizing protein supplements, above 80% already had enough dietary protein intakes (Roberts, Perryman & Rivers, 2009). Description of design Research Approach My study will

Assignment Templates Essay Example for Free

Assignment Templates Essay Templates include correct APA format as well as the sections required for the assignment. Students should insure that all papers submitted have a header of their name and the assignment and include page numbers. It will save time and enhance grading for students to use these templates as guidance. License Requirements Research Your Name Liberty University COUN 521-B05 Spring 2012 â€Å"State Name† Licensed Professional Counselor Licensure Requirements This first section will be an introduction stating your plans and a summary of the general requirements for the license for your preferred state. This section should include the contact information and reference citation for the respective state licensure office. Education This section will describe the education requirements such as what degrees are acceptable, how many semester or quarter hours required, and any specific courses required. This section should also include any additional educational experience required. Work Experience Required This section will describe the work experience required for the specific license desired. The description should include number of hours required overall with specific hourly requirements such as number of hours of direct client service, number of hours of supervision, and any other hourly requirements. The work experience description should also include any  specifications on supervision, such as whether or not the supervisor has to be an approved supervisor by the state licensing board. Finally the work experience description should include any areas of practice that the state office requires to be included when applying for licensure. Examination This section should describe examination requirements by the specific state office. The description should include what examinations are required and any specific score requirements noted. Uses and Restrictions of Assessments This section should begin with a short summary of information provided by the specific state office. Uses of Assessments This section should address the acceptable use of assessments per the specific state office. Restrictions on Assessment Use This section should address any restrictions on use of assessments per the specific state office. References References should be per APA format and should match citations in the text. References should be included for each source of information used. Exploring Reliability and Validity – Values and Motives Inventory Your Name Liberty University Exploring Reliability and Validity – Values and Motives Inventory Types of Reliability and Validity In this section, explain the type of reliability and validity used in this inventory. Areas of Concern and Strength Begin this section with an introduction paragraph. Then provide a sub- section of discussion on concerns or weakness such as low coefficients and a sub-section of discussion on strengths such as high coefficients. Concerns Use this section to discuss the concerns/weaknesses that you note. Strengths Use this section to discuss the strengths that you note. Sample Size Use this section to discuss how the sample size may influence the constructs purportedly measured by the test. Include discussion of strengths in the sample size and weaknesses in the sample size. Nature of Population Use this section to discuss how the nature of the population may influence the constructs purportedly measured by the test. Include discussion of strengths in the nature of the population and weaknesses in the nature of the population. Opinion Use this section to discuss your opinion regarding the quality of the test. Summarize information in the report and then relate this to guidance per your course material about test quality. Remember that even though this is your opinion, keep your writing in third person. References Be sure to include all references that you have cited in your paper such as the inventory (example below) and course textbook reference. Your reference page should be a separate page at the end of the document. This is the correct reference for the inventory that you are examining: Values and motives questionnaire: The technical manual. (n.d.). Bedfordshire, UK: Psytech International. Project 1: Initial Interview Type a short paragraph (2-3 sentences) summarizing this assignment as an initial interview to conduct a mental status examination and assess â€Å"client’s name† for the reason indicated in the referral question that you have chosen. Identifying Information This section should provide the client’s identifying information in narrative form. Include the person’s name, address, phone number date of birth, gender, marital status, occupation, current work/school information, emergency contact, and date of your interview of the client. Referral  Question State that â€Å"client† was referred to assess him/her for â€Å"reason indicated in the referral question you choose from the 3 choices provided in the instructions. Physical Appearance Presenting Appearance In this section use narrative format to present age, sex, ethnicity, height and weight description of the client, description of clothing worn, and presence of any assistive devices such as glasses, cane, etc. Also include in this section a description of any physical deformity that is present. Basic Grooming and Hygiene Provide a brief description of the client’s grooming and hygiene and appropriateness or not for the interview setting. Approach and Coordination In this section use narrative format to describe the client’s behavioral approach to the interview and the client’s gait and motor coordination. Also describe the client’s eye contact, facial expressions, and rapport with you throughout the interview. Finally address the client’s degree of alertness and the mood and affect present during the interview. Present Level of Functioning in Work/School, Relationships, and Leisure Begin this section with a paragraph that addresses general functioning of the client in work and or school, in relationships, and in leisure. Then address the MSE information as follows: Language and Speech In this section present the MSE information in narrative format regarding expressive language, receptive language, and speech as outlined in the document provided for you on â€Å"How to Conduct a Mental Status Exam.† Orientation and Thought Processes In this section present the MSE information in narrative format regarding orientation times the five areas indicated in the instructions, client’s coherence, client’s concentration and attention throughout the interview, client’s thought processes, any hallucinations or delusions present (note if absent), intellectual ability, and abstraction skills. These areas are  outlined in the document provided for you on â€Å"How to Conduct a Mental Status Exam.† Medical History and Current Status In this section, use narrative format and discuss the client’s present health status(as described by the client) and date of last physical, any current health complaints or absence of these, general health history, any past or present health treatments, any current medications, other drugs, or supplements, client’s sleep pattern, client’s appetite level and any recent changes in appetite, and client’s exercise pattern. Past Counseling Experiences or Psychiatric History In this section use narrative format and discuss the client’s concerns addressed and type and length of treatment that client has received for any concerns addressed (if none, state this). If the client has received help for any concerns addressed, also discuss the types of outcome from the help received with discussion of positive results and discussion of unhelpful results. If the client has not received professional help for concerns addressed use this section to also note how client coped with these concerns up to the time of the interview. Include discussion in this section of any medications used to treat concerns addressed. This should include prescribed medications, over the counter medications, or self-selected substances used to treat concerns such as alcohol, tobacco, or drugs. Family Information In this section use narrative format to describe the client’s current marital status, number and ages of children living at home, number and ags of immediate family members not living at home, other people living at home, any violence or physical abuse in the family, family-of-origin make-up, influences of the family-of-origin on present problems, family history of psychiatric problems, and family history of substance abuse. NOTE: If there is not family history of psychiatric problems or substance abuse, state this. Social/Developmental History In this section, use narrative format to discuss any irregularities in development or indicate that the client had normal development with no  presence of any irregularities. This may include prior experiences in life that have framed the client’s general approach to life. Also indicate the client’s religious affiliation or so state if there is none. Discuss the client’s current social situation such as social networks or activities that client engages in. In this section include discussion of the client’s values that seem to frame life for them. Educational/Occupational History In this section include two paragraphs with one addressing educational history and one addressing occupational history. In the paragraph on educational history include client’s level of educational attainment and any specialized training, college majors, etc. that apply to the client. In the paragraph on occupational history include discussion of previous work experiences, reasons for any job changes or terminations, and any military background. Conclude this section with a paragraph of indication of the client’s report on overall satisfaction of any current job or school engaged in and any current stresses related to current educational or occupational experience. Cultural Influences In this section use narrative format to describe in general cultural factors present with the client that provide influence on issues discussed. These should include the client’s race and/or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and any experiences of discrimination or perceived internal or external barriers that apply to the client (if none present, so state). Also use this section to discuss any other cultural influences that may be present for the client. Achievement Results Your Name Liberty University Achievement Results SAT Scores Use the first paragraph to summarize the case to the client as you understand  the client’s concerns. Use the second paragraph to discuss any additional information the client may not have considered. Use the third paragraph to discuss alternatives for the client at this time for the presenting issue with inclusion of client input in resolution decision. Incorporate discussion of causes, precipitants, or other possible influences on the case and any alternative explanations for the client’s concerns. Be sure to cite pertinent information from course material and from any additional professional resources used. Percentile Rank Use the first paragraph to summarize the case to the client as you understand the client’s concerns. Use the second paragraph to discuss any additional information the client may not have considered. Use the third paragraph to discuss alternatives for the client at this time for the presenting issue with inclusion of client input in resolution decision. Incorporate discussion of causes, precipitants, or other possible influences on the case and any alternative explanations for the client’s concerns. Be sure to cite pertinent information from course material and from any additional professional resources used. References NOTE: These are correct listings for your text references. Also include any other references that you use and cite above. Fischer, J., Corcoran, K. (2007). Measures for clinical practice and research: A sourcebook (4th ed., Vol. 1). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Whiston, S. C. (2009). Principles and applications of assessment in counseling (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Psychological Report NOTE: A sample report for Project 2 is located under Course Content in Assignment Instructions under â€Å"Project 2: Psychological Report.† This is titled â€Å"Project 2 Sample.† Use this as your template for the Project 2 assignment. Essay Questions: Name of Area for Your Essay Your Name Liberty University Essay Questions: Name of Area from Question You Choose to Discuss As this is an essay versus a paper you do not have to use headings. However, be sure to address each area within the essay question that you choose. For instance if you choose to address Essay Question 1, there are seven questions and you would need to discuss your answers to all seven of those questions. Do include a separate reference page as the example below. References NOTE: These are correct listings for your textbook references. Also include any other references that you cite in your paper. Fischer, J., Corcoran, K. (2007). Measures for clinical practice and research: A sourcebook (4th ed., Vol. 2). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Whiston, S. C. (2009). Principles and applications of assessment in counseling (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Test Critique: Name of the Test Your Name Liberty University Abstract Summarize your critique in accordance with guidelines on abstracts from the APA manual. Test Critique: Name of the Test There should be an introductory paragraph with a test description similar to that given in a vendor’s catalogue. In this paragraph also indicate that this critique will review both strengths and weakness of this test. General Information Basic Test Information In this section provide information in narrative format on title of the test, author (s), publisher and date of publication, cost, and availability or not  of an online version. Include information on the development of the test – full name of the test, when it was first developed, the population for which the test is appropriate, and its primary uses. Indicate whether the test is an objective or projective measure and whether it is more of an intelligence, achievement, or personality measure. Indicate whether or not this test has alternate forms, when these were created, and under what circumstances these are used. History of Test In this section discuss when and why the test was developed. Also discuss how the history of this test fits into the overall scheme as presented in the course text. Testing and Assessment Assumptions In this section discuss the assumptions of testing and assessment as they relate to this specific test. Test Description In this introductory section give a general description of the test in narrative format. This should include a description of the different sections and subsections of the test with indication of what each of these measure. This section should include some example items used to assess the construct of the test. This section should also describe how this test is used in the assessment setting. Test Content In this section describe the constructs, domains, or variables that the test measures. Discuss the unidimensionality or multidimensionality of the constructs. Also discuss the theoretical and/or empirical foundation of the test. Purpose of Test In this section describe the purpose and potential uses of the test. Also describe the population for whom the test is designed. Test Structure In this section indicate the length of the test and the number of items. Also describe any subscales that are in the test and the format used for the test items. Test Administration In this section describe the administration procedures for the test and the necessary administrator qualifications and/or training required for administration of this test. Also discuss any special testing conditions that must be considered and different versions of test administration such  as paper and pencil, online, computer administration, etc. Test Scoring In this section discuss the type of scoring or scaling used, the scores generated such as subscale, factor, or dimension scores, and the scoring procedures used such as hand scoring, mail-in scoring service, or computerized scoring via software or online. Technical Evaluation Standardization/Normative Sample This section includes narrative description of the size and demographics of the standardization sample, procedures followed in obtaining the sample, adequacy of the standardization sample, and adequacy of the norms provided. Reliability This section should discuss the types of reliability for which there is evidence and the adequacy of this evidence to support potential uses of the test. Validity This section should discuss the types of validity for which there is evidence and the adequacy of this evidence to support potential uses of the test. Practical Evaluation Quality of Test Materials In this section describe the quality of writing in the test, quality of graphic design and presentation of this in test materials, and other noted aspects of materials quality such as durability and attractiveness. Ease of Administration, Scoring and Interpretation This section should discuss the clarity and comprehensiveness of instructions, directions, or guidance provided. There should also be discussion of time and resources needed to administer, score, and interpret the test as well as any other practical aspects of administration, scoring, and interpretation. Summary Evaluation and Critique Strengths of the Test Use this test to describe the strengths of the test as compared to course guidance on what constitutes a good test. Weaknesses of the Test Use this test to critique the weaknesses of the test as compared to course  guidance on what constitutes a good test. Recommendations In this section indicate your recommendations for use of the test, for revisions, or updates, and for further study of the test. Although these are your recommendations, this should still be written in third person. References NOTE: Remember to include at least five references for this assignment with reference list and in-text citations matching and reference list in correct APA format.

Analysis Of Tourism In Mozambique Tourism Essay

Analysis Of Tourism In Mozambique Tourism Essay The energy crisis and global recession, in 1973/4 highlighted the structural deficiencies in the third world economies. The need of foreign exchange and employment, along with the concerns of inequalities, leakages and constant levels of poverty (Sharpley Telfer, 2002). Even so, in the past two decades the Sub-Saharan Africa tourism has experienced a remarkable growth, a difference from 1.5% in 1970 to 4.5% in 2003 and is expected that the Africas share will increase to 5% of total international arrivals by 2020. Although, Mozambique tourism sector could not benefit from this recovery, because the two wars had occurred in between, a period that other nations including the neighbouring have managed to develop their own tourism industry. This essay is to explain the key factors that may contribute to the success or failure of tourism planning. Conscientious about planning different terminology and thoughts, a range of illustrations and description that applies to Mozambiques tourism p lan (history, political, economy, social and development), and its aims will help a better understanding around the topic. Planning The absence of planning may cause unregulations, leading to a range of negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. So, in order to create and respond to the tourism concerns it is important to include a rational plan (Mason, 2003). Different approaches of planning have been presented: Boosterism; Economic; Physical/Spatial; Sustainable; Community and so on. Kadt, (1979), noted that the consequences of tourism planning are a result of the nations overall political economy, because it is what will determine the equality in the distribution of tourism benefits. Nonetheless, planning is a process for anticipation and implementation of changes that would maximize positive developments (William, 1998, cited by Mason, 2003). However, Mason, (2003) argued that planning is a very complex term and can be applied in many contexts, for example: in relation to individuals, groups, organisations and governments, but at same time to different geographic areas (urban, rural), or as well at lo cal, regional and national levels. In accordance, Cullingsworth, (1997:5, cited by Hall, 2008) stated that planning is also, a sort of decision and policy making because they are connected and interrelated, planning is the process where goals are set and policies are made to implement them. However, it deals with interdependent and systematic decisions, rather than individual decisions. Many activities in the process cannot be isolated (bargaining, negotiation, politics, values) and the process of planning is only one part of the overall plan. Therefore, planning is more complex than Drors (1973) perspective of set of decisions for actions in future (Hall, 2008). Besides, various such as Mason, (2003); McCabe et al., (2000:235) argued that the important is the process element of the plan, as it provides direction by enabling individuals to indentify the path that is to be taken and the outcomes or end results. On the other hand, Gunn, (1998) argued that by focussing on the physical design, there is a risk of failure in recognising the key principles of the planning process; the fundamentals that originated its creations, but he also added that by focussing on the process of planning rather than considering the product itself may possibly lead to planning being considered vague and theoretical. Destination case study: Historical Tourism has been important to Mozambican economy since the Portuguese colonial period and was developed around three themes: sun and sea, wildlife and urban (dynamic environment). During the colonial period the Mozambique tourist arrivals were mainly from southern Africa and Portugal and were close to 400,000. However, since the colonial war conflict in 1973, tourism infrastructure and several animal species were destroyed, therefore the number of tourist and the tourism activity declined (Visser, 2004). After the peace-accord in 1992 initiatives to recovery the tourism industry has been applied (Sun, Sand and Sea, complemented by Eco-tourism; Culture; Water sports, Adventure and Urban Tourism). Political Frelimo has been in power since the countrys independence from Portugal in 1975 and has the majority of the parliamentary seats 191 out of 250. In 1990 a new constitution that provided for multipartysm was implement (www.news.bbc.co.uk, 2010). The country shift from one-party autocracy to multi-party democracy. Implemented institutional reforms for the re-schedulling of debt and loans; it open up to the markets by adopting adjustment measures of liberalisation which included public/private cooperation (Kulipossa, 2006). There was a shift from centralised government approach based in a dictator state where single decisions were made and all the infrastructure belonged to the state (horizontal policy coordination across Ministries), to a decentralised approach (vertical policy coordination between different levels of govern) where the power of management was shared with regional and local levels since they were better positioned to deal with local needs and more able to implement polic ies and integrating the communities as part of the process . The government decided to open the nation market to private sector as they were better financially to build and reconstruct the infrastructures that were in need and because of their ability to bring foreign exchange to the country. Even the govern of Mozambique being responsible for Tourism Policy and Implementation Strategy, is still fragile in experience and financial resources. To reduce the existing gap of linking policies with the actions, the nations government are dependent of foreign help, needing to defer the responsibility of tourism recovery, national or local economic development to the Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Associations, (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). Economy According to Rylance in Spenceley, (2008:29), the nation economy varies from inefficiency, poor infrastructure and high levels of corruption, which discourage foreign investment. Nevertheless, between 1993-2004 there was a growth of 7.2 GDP, an annual average of 8 per cent over the last decade. Additionally, there was a decrease on annual inflation from more than 54 per cent in 1995 to 13.5 per cent in 2003 and 9.1 per cent in 2004. Despite the achievements Mozambique remains one of the poorest countries in the world. The per capita income in 2004 was equal to $320 (UNDO, 2004 cited by Rylance in Spencely, 2008:29). Furthermore, the country remains very dependent of international help through donations and is largely dependent of the agriculture sector which employs 83 per cent of the population and is responsible of 80 per cent of the exporters and for 26 percent of national GDP (SNV Mozambique, 2007:3 cited by Rylance in Spencely, 2008). The influence and power of negotiation is we akened by the nations vulnerability and dependency upon a greater number of foreign companies. On the other hand, Mozambique governments have been accused of problems of corruption on the legislation and collection of revenues. Critics assert that Mozambique is pursuing mega projects that do not generate social benefit (www.news.bbc.co.uk, 2010). Nonetheless, during 2006 the tourism sector generated revenues around US$ 144 million, it is expected that the industry will became one of the major foreign exchange earner as it is increasing in its foreign investment (Jossai, 2010). Social: It has been recognised that as an economic sector, tourism has both positive and negative impacts over the society. However, with an adequate anticipation and implementation of strategic plan tourism can be developed with reduced impact in the natural areas: the several benefits of the industry upon the society can be maximised, and the disadvantages can be minimised or even eliminated. With this understanding Mozambican policies and planning developers have adopted sustainable actions aspiring a balance in the tourism development, humans, animals and ecological communities. The focus was to reduce poverty by adopting tourism sector as a tool for development, either by local supply of services and goods to tourism enterprises or by enterprises employing the poor; plus providing the means for improvement of health, education and sanitary conditions. Though, it may be assumed that the government have failed to provide the right tools for local involvement as it was incapable to support people with training and knowledge to reduce the barriers of getting locals involved in the tourism economies, did not have option than lead it to the NGOs and associations that have started to do so (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). This is due to the government lack of capacity and low involvement in implementing and manage policies. Moreover, the shortage of available finance for small enterprises and the time needed to start a business, discourages the majority of locals from contributing to the sector. For example: to open a business in Mozambique it takes on average 153 days (World Bank, 2004 cited by Spenceley, 2008). McEwan, (2004, p7) argues that local tourism enterprises are prevented from getting involved in the business and remain very dependent of foreign investment and international aid. In fact foreign investment involves 70 per cent of the Mozambique tourism projects and local borrowing from banks, has high costs 15 per cent interest in real terms (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). Development As a reflection of predominance of business travellers, visiting friends/relatives and regional weekend trip of leisure segment, the average stay in Mozambique is around 2.3 days, comparatively low to Kenya 8.4 days average length. There are 2.030 tourist establishments in Mozambique which directly employed over 35.000 people. The southern borders are the visitors main entrance but investors are starting to show some interest in the northern areas (Pemba, Quiribas archipelago and Nacala). In 2001 the number of international tourist arrivals was just about parallel to the visiting numbers during the colonial period. The accommodation sector has a total of 12.000 beds, near 5,000 cope with the luxury standard or 3 star above on the international market. In compare, the city of Cape Town has something like 30,000 beds and Mauritius 19,600 beds. The national air lines are expensive and limited: operating three Boeing B737 which serves domestic connections from Maputo to the other main ci ties of the country (Beira, Nampula, Quelimane, Pemba, Lichinga, Chimoio and Tete) and regional routes to Johannesburg and Dares Salaam (Williams, 2006). The accommodations and tourism facilities (hotels, tourism resorts) are very expensive favourable for the wealthier customers. Furthermore, the human capital (residents, poor people) are mostly employed in low levels jobs such as cleaners and bar staff which reduces their chance of economic benefits as their wages and level is equally low (SNV Mozambique, 2006 cited by Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). The major investors of Mozambiques tourism industry have recognised the uniqueness of the country, that is the fact of being the only in the neighbours that do not have Anglo-Saxon colonial past since was colonized by Portugal, and from the fact of having a mix of cultural environment and rich heritage of Arabic, Swahali, Portuguese and African influences (Williams, 2006). Conversely, as the majority of tourist are English speakers, this advantages is also a barrier since tourist and locals have communication gaps. In addition, the nation has a limited offer of tourism products, constrained to the safaris games products. The investors and tour operates still reluctant in diversify and reach the unexploited areas by developing new tourism products and attract new markets. As a withdrawal affect the country competitiveness with exception of Malawi, is very low in comparison to the bordering neighbours (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Suazilandia, Zambia). Although, there are indications of economic improvement since the civil war: increase in the national GDP, reduction of inflation and levels of percentage of poverty however, the wealth distribution of income still irregular by favouring elite groups and elements of government. In addition the country continues dependent on food import and, also vulnerable to the global prices (EIU, 2010). One aspect of the tourism industry is the negative impact that it causes to the destinations. It, has been suggested by many, such as: Kadt, (1979); William, (1998); Mason, (2003); Hall, (2008); Spenceley, (2008), that the destination plan should encompass the tourism alternative approaches. Moreover, even the existence of different plan approaches or reasons of plan, it is assumed that they are imperative for the insurance of pathways to be taken as a mean to anticipate and correct possible events. In this basis, by adopting the national strategic plan for tourism, Mozambique allowed itself for any readjustments if necessary. The focus of the Strategic Plan for the Development of Tourism in Mozambique 2004-2013, (2004), was the business modern management approaches, tourism towards to product service quality and conservation, rehabilitation of wildlife in specific areas, co-operation with the neighbouring countries to consolidate and expand conservations areas, promote professional hunting industry and support communities to actively and effectively participate in tourism process, with the aim of four million arrivals per annum by 2025. The government priority was to reduce poverty and prevalence of HIV infection which even high is still lower than the regional average. This was intended to be done by building country prestige, broadcast possible investments, job opportunities, income generation, developing health and education (Ministry of Tourism, 2004). Seeing that, foreign currency plus capital investment into the tourist destination, permits a faster urban, social, economic regeneration and that worldwide tourism is the industry that employs most people and had shown some ability in adapting quickly to crises that have affected the world economy. Tourism was identified by Mozambique Government as a mean to promote local economic development (Gunn Var, 2002). To minimise the negative effects of the industry on environment and culture, while as well maximi ses the economic and community benefits, the tourism policy is guided by the Tourism Law. (2004) which regulates licensing, provides the basis for sustainable growth and criminalises child sexual tourism; Action Plan for Absolute Poverty Reduction (PARPA), (2006) which sets social policies and programs to promote economic growth through tourism; National Tourism Code of Conduct, (2007), elaborated between the Ministry of Tourism and the Mozambique Confederation of Business Association (CTA) (www.sustainabletourismnetwork.co.za, 2010). The objective was to generate new employments for the enhancement of people quality of life; increase the numbers of international visitors and investors by improving the balance of trade; fairly distribute the tourist benefits, and expand the industry in zones that present greatest potential, by providing a more equitable development of the nation, putting the emphasis on the relation between tourism and its environs; in addition for the tourism growt h and for the creation of benefits to its people, the country was seeking for greater national unity through tourism; in order to protect regional architecture, monuments, conserve resources, balance planning of areas, and incentive the development of handcrafts and folklore, the tourism strategic plan recommends protection of cultural and natural resources (Ministry of Tourism, 2004). Conclusion: An analysis of tourism in Mozambique, indicate that existing tourism mix are the beaches and unspoilt interior that offers greatest potential for the development of wildlife market. Conversely, the poor infrastructures contributes for low tourism products and, inhibits investment. Bearing in mind the nation natural resources as the tourism potential (2700 km of tropical coastline with diversity, rare ecological systems and rich historic cultural heritage), shall be said that the coastline is unplanned and uncontrolled becoming then, the biggest threat for the tourism sector. Moreover, the actions taken by the private business that are mainly interested in the immediate circumstances and profits, exclude factors of the market such as the preservation of public goods (parks, historic sites, beaches, infrastructures), externalities (simultaneous production and consumption of tourism, which restrict access to the coastal land, fishing and historic places) and external costs (not reflecte d like as the opportunity costs), causing the inability of the market system Market failures. Which prevent the nations achievement of the economic efficiency and reflect the social costs. The key factors for Mozambique tourism planning are political, economic and social. Its success or failure depends upon all organism together being able to share and achieve goals that would be difficult to achieve by themselves. Rylance in Spenceley, (2008) argues that there are differences between the policy and practices of tourism-led LED in Mozambique. Although, admits that there is a lack of statistical data for a firm conclusion. Nonetheless, the fact of government investment in megaprojects that do not generate social benefits may indicate a deviation from the key principle of the strategic plan: the business modern management approaches and the perspective of development first instead of tourism first (Burns, 1999). In conclusion, it may be said that tourism in Mozambique is in its early stages. It is very incipient, high levels of corruption, limited in air transport and road accesses, lack of experience and has expensive tourism services and facilities. Still, it can be sa id that it is hard to predict the directions it will take, and if the target arrivals by 2025 are realistic or not; so far there is potential, willingness and the initial steps were taken.